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Admiralteisky Avenue
ADMIRALTEISKY AVENUE (Admiralty Avenue) in the mid-to-late 18th century - Admiralteiskaya Street or Bolshaya Street, in 1918-44 - Roshalya Avenue in honour of revolutionary S. G. Roshal (1896-1917). A link between Palace Square and St
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Admiralteyskaya Side
ADMIRALTEYSKAYA SIDE, a historical name of the central part of St. Petersburg bound on the north by the Neva river and on the south by the Moika River. Formed in the early 18th century when the General Admiralty
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Admiralty Canal
ADMIRALTY CANAL was dug from the eastern ditch of the Amiralty Fortress (today, the Dvortsovy Bridge ramp to the Palace Square) to the Moika River to connect the Admiralty Shipyard with Galerny Dvor (Galley Yard) and warehouses of New Holland
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Air Defence (PVO)
AIR DEFENCE (PVO), a series of measures and units to protect the city from air raids. Not long after the USSR Air Defence System was created in the 1930s, the Leningrad Air Defence Force was formed
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Alexander Column
ALEXANDER COLUMN (Alexandriisky Pillar), a monument to the victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812 standing on Palace Square. It was named in honour of Emperor Alexander I. It was constructed in 1830-1834 (architect A.A. Montferrand)
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Alexander II , Emperor (1818-1881)
ALEXANDER II (1818-1881, St. Petersburg), Emperor (since 1855). He was a son of Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Fedorovna. Tsarevitch (from 1831), General of Infantry (1847), Honorary Member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826)
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Alexandrovsky Garden
ALEXANDROVSKY GARDEN (in 1920-89 - the Maxim Gorky Workers' Garden, in 1989-97 - Admiralty Garden) is situated along the south and the west facades of the Main Admiralty, with an area of 10 hectares. In 1805-06, gardener W
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Balls
BALLS, evening parties with dances, one of the entertainments of high society in St. Petersburg from the 18th - the early 20th centuries. Balls originated from assemblies, where, according to Tsar Peter the Great's order, minuet, allemande, courante
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Book Trade (entry)
BOOK TRADE. State, institutional and private book trading has been carried out in St. Petersburg since the first years of its existence. The first official bookshop belonged to the St
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Bus
BUS, the most mobile type of city public transport, provides cost-effective route planning and is extremely flexible to changes in the route network. The first attempt to organize "motorized omnibus" service goes back to the 1880s
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Carrousels (merry-go-rounds)
CARROUSELS (MERRY-GO-ROUNDS), 1) popular amusement, device for riding at open-air festivites (also known as a “wheeling machine”). In St. Petersburg they were organised from the early 18th century on
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City Holidays (entry)
CITY HOLIDAYS. In the early 18th century tsar Peter the Great established a new type of holidays which were divided into official (or state holidays) - victory celebrations, jubilees etc. and popular carnivals (see Popular carnivals)
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Dudin M.A. (1916-1993), poet
DUDIN Mikhail Alexandrovich (1916-1993, St. Petersburg), poet, public figure. In 1937 entered the evening department of Faculty of Literature of the Ivanov Pedagogical Institute; in 1939 he was conscripted into the Army
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Free Economic Society
FREE ECONOMIC SOCIETY, the Imperial Free Economic Society for the Encouragement of Farming and Housebuilding in Russia, the oldest Russian scientific society. It was founded in 1765 by large landowners striving for higher agricultural efficiency;
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Gas Supply Services
GAS SUPPLY SERVICES. The first gas-generating retort installations in Russia appeared in St. Petersburg in the early 19th century. Initially gas was used for lighting. In 1819 the first gas lamps were lit on Aptekarsky Island
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General Plans for the Development of Petersburg-Leningrad
GENERAL PLANS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PETERSBURG-LENINGRAD. One the first projects of St. Petersburg planning dates back to 1709-12. According to it, the city centre should be situated at Kotlin Island and was to be connected to outer parts of the
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General Staff Building
GENERAL STAFF BUILDING (6-10 Dvortsovaya Embankment), architectural monument in the Empire style, in commemoration of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the campaigns of 1813-14 against Emperor Napoleon I
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Guards Corps Staff
GUARDS CORPS STAFF, the organisational authority of the guards. Set up in the late 18th century as the Chancellery of the Guards Commander, from 1817, known as the Guards General Staff, and from 1828 as the Staff of the Guards Commander
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Hermitage
HERMITAGE, State Museum (32-38 Dvortsovaya Embankment) is one of the biggest museums in the world, exhibiting art as well as cultural and historical objects. It consists of 5 inter-connected buildings: the Winter Palace, the Small Hermitage
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Hotels (entry)
HOTELS. In St. Petersburg's early years, visitors stayed at hostelries, taverns or with acquaintances. With the spread of commerce, there appeared "guest yards", or visitor's complexes, in front of which merchants sold goods. One of the first St
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Jubilee of St. Petersburg
JUBILEE of St. Petersburg (City Day) is an annual celebration in honour of the foundation of St. Petersburg. Since 1983, it has taken place on the final weekend of May. It includes a broad variety of festivities (concerts, processions, etc
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Kvasov Al. V., architect
KVASOV Alexey Vasilievich (early 1730s, St. Petersburg - 1772), architect, town-planner, master of the early Neoclassical style. From 1747, he studied under his elder brother, the architect Andrey V. Kvasov
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Military District
MILITARY DISTRICT (MD) of St. Petersburg (1864-1914), Petrograd (1914-24), Leningrad (from 1924), highest military-administrative unit of the armed forces, exercising control over troops, institutions, organisations
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Millionnaya Street
MILLIONNAYA STREET [until 1738 - German settlement, until the middle of the 18th century - Bolshaya Nemetskaya Street, in the 1740-1800s - Bolshaya Millionnaya Street, in 1918-91 - Khalturina Street, after worker-revolutionary S.N
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Ministry for Industry and Commerce
MINISTRY FOR INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE, central public institution administering state industry, as well as inspecting private industrial and commercial enterprises
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Ministry of Finance
MINISTRY OF FINANCE, one of the Russian Empire's central public institutions, in charge of financial and economic policy. Established on 8 September 1802, and reorganized in 1810-11
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, central public institution in charge of foreign policy. Established on 8 September 1802 on the basis of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, which was a part of the ministry until 1832, when the Ministry was reorganized
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Montferrand A.A. (1786-1858), architect
MONTFERRAND Auguste Augustovich (Henri Louis Auguste Leger Richard) (1786-1858, St. Petersburg), architect, actual state counsellor (1858), honorary associate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts
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Monuments to the War of 1812-1814
MONUMENTS TO THE WAR OF 1812-1814, memorial constructions in honour of Russia's military victories during the Patriotic War of 1812 and the campaigns of 1813-14 against Emperor Napoleon I concluding with allied troops marching into Paris on 19 March
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Natural stone
NATURAL STONE. Since the early 18th century, Putilovo slab limestone has been used in construction (quarried by Putilovskaya Mountain near the mouth of the Volkhov River)
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Palace Square
PALACE SQUARE, St. Petersburg's main square, the traditional location for city-wide festivities, and is part of the central square system of the Neva River's left bank
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Parade of 8 July 1945
PARADE OF 8 JULY 1945, celebrations held in Leningrad in honour of the Leningrad Guard Infantry Corps (the 45th, 63rd and 64th Guard Rifle Divisions), which were returning to the city from the Baltics
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Parades and Reviews
PARADES AND REVIEWS, solemn public military ceremonies, held in St. Petersburg since the 1730s. Until 1917 they were diverse and held in large numbers, occurred frequently, imparting the solemn and festive look of a military capital to the city
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Pavements
PAVEMENTS have been built in St. Petersburg since the early 18th century. The first pavements were made of boards, later various paving materials were applied, including planks, cobblestones, asphalt, woodblocks, granite, metal, road metal (pebbles)
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Pevchesky Bridge
PEVCHESKY BRIDGE (Chants' Bridge), over the Moika River, at Pevchesky Passage, opposite Palace Square, besides the building of the Pevcheskaya (Choral) Chapel, (hence the name of the bridge). The bridge was built in 1839-1840 (engineer E.A
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Popular Carnivals
POPULAR CARNIVALS, one of the forms of mass popular entertainment. In the 18th- 19th centuries up to 30 carnivals were arranged in St. Petersburg annually. Representatives of all the estates and even members of the royal family took part in them
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Rossi C.I. (1775-1849), architect
ROSSI Carl Ivanovich (Carlo Giovanni) (1775-1849, St. Petersburg), architect. The son of the court ballerina G. Lepik. Graduated from the Peterschule in St. Petersburg, apprenticed architecture with V
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Shrovetide carnivals
SHROVETIDE CARNIVALS, mass popular carnivals that took place in the 18th - early 20th centuries during Shrovetide. Along with the Easter carnivals, Shrovetide was the most pompous and crowded of all
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Sokov V.A., (1912-1944), draught-player
SOKOV VASILY ALEXANDROVICH (1912-44), draught-player, Russian draught master (1934), Leningrad champion (earned first of many titles in 1932), USSR champion (1938-41). Sokov lived in Leningrad since 1925
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Stars of White Nights, festival
STARS OF WHITE NIGHTS, the Mariinsky Theatre's annual summer international music festival. First held in 1993 on the initiative of Mariinsky Theatre conductor and artistic director V. А. Gergiev
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State Assembly
STATE ASSEMBLY was the highest advisory (from 1906, legislative) body in the Russian Empire. It was established by a Decree on 30 March 1801, and transformed on 1 January 1810
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Toponymy of St. Petersburg
TOPONYMY OF ST. PETERSBURG, a corpus of names of geographical points situated on the territory of St. Petersburg. Names of rivers, islands, and villages located on the city's future territory appeared long before its foundation
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Uritsky M.S. (1873-1918), revolutionary, statesman
URITSKY Moisey Solomonovich (1873-1918, Petrograd), statesman. He graduated from the faculty of law of Kiev University (1897). After the split of Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1903) he joined Mensheviks
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