Bridges (entry)

Рубрикатор / Architecture/Bridges
BRIDGES, an integral part of the urban planning structure and architectural appearance of St. Petersburg. In 2002, the city numbered 342 bridges of various kinds and types; in Kronstadt: 5 bridges, Pushkin: 54 bridges, Petrodvorets: 51 bridges, Pavlovsk: 16 bridges, Lomonosov: 7 bridges. There are 10 bridges (including one railway bridge) over the Neva River, the Bolshaya Neva and Мalaya Neva rivers, 21 bridges over Griboedov Canal, 26 (including 7 railway bridges) bridges over Obvodnoy Canal, over the Moika River and the Fontanka River there are 15 bridges for each, 21 of them can be opened. The Mosttrest Bridges Authorities Committee is in charge of traffic and pedestrian bridges maintenance, in 2003 supervising 400 bridges, 326 of which were for traffic and 74 for pedestrians; the maintenance of the railway bridges is conducted by the Oktyabrskaya Railway, bridge design falls within the competence of the Lengiproinzhproekt, Stroyproekt and Transmost institutes; bridge building and reconstruction rests with the Moststroy-6, Lenmoststroy, Mostootryad № 19, Rizalit, Pilon, Spetsialist companies. The first bridge built in St. Petersburg was Ioannovsky Bridge, linking Gorodskoy and Zayachiy islands. Later timber beams, pile, bascule, floating bridges were built over numerous waterways. The first bridge over the Bolshaya Neva River was constructed in 1727 (see Isaakievsky Bridge). By 1740, there were approximately 40 bridges in St. Petersburg. Harmann van Boles was the chief bridge builder. In the 1760-1800s, large scale construction of stone embankments and bridges was under way. In the late 1760s, Prachechny, Verkhne-Lebyazhy, Ermitazhny bridges were the first ones to be constructed, later appeared Kazansky and Kamenny bridges. In the 1780s, seven typical opening bridges were constructed over the Fontanka River with monumental towers of austere style architecture: Anichkov, Obukhovsky, Staro-Kalinkin, Izmailovasky, Semenovsky, Simeonovsky (today Belinskogo) and Chernyshev (today Lomonosova) bridges (later all of them were repeatedly rebuilt). In 1797-1800, Trekhchastny Bridge over the Voskresensky Canal was built. All the bridges are masterpieces of bridge architecture. Bridges with stone piers were built over the Kryukov Canal. Y.M. Felten, Т.I. Nasonov, V.I. Nazimov, I.N. Borisov, F.V. Bauer, P.K. Suchtelen, K.F. Moderakh, I.K. Gerard and F.I. Gerard were the leading bridge architects of the time. The first iron bridges appeared in the 1780s-90s in Tsarskoe Selo and the Tauride Garden. From 1806 until the 1840s, 16 wrought iron arch bridges were built in St. Petersburg: 12 tubbing bridges from hollow wedge-boxes (Politseisky, Alexandrovsky, Krasny, Potseluyev, Siny, Teatralny, First Inzhenerny, Pevchesky, Konyushenny and others) and four ribbed bridges (Salnobuyansky, the bridge in the Mikhailovsky Garden, Glukhoy Bridge over the Admiralteisky Canal, three-span dam-bridge on the Okhta River). In 1823-29, eight suspension chain bridges were constructed: Ekateringofsky, Panteleimonovsky, Egipetsky, Pochtamtsky, Bankovsky, Lviny and two small bridges on the Besymyanny Stream. They were designed by engineers V.I. Hastie, P.P. Bazen, V.K. Traitteur, Е.А. Adam. In 1843-50, the first bridge over the Bolshaya Neva River was built (see Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge). In 1837, the first railway bridge appeared over the Obvodnoy Canal, its timber arches on stone abutments imitated the structure of traditional bridges. By 1809, the number of bridges reached 102, by 1838 - 157, by 1863 - 181. In 1841, the first railway arch Novo-Nikolsky Bridge was built (see in Nikolskie Bridges), in 1857 the first beam solid girder bridge was built, Semenovsky Bridge. The 1870s marked the beginning of construction of double-hinged arch metal bridges (Varshavsky, Potseluyev) and those with spandrel trusses (second Sadovy Bridge) intended for horse drawn carriages. In the 18th-19th centuries, floating bridges operated alongside with permanent ones: Troitsky Bridge operated until 1903, Isaakievsky Bridge - until 1916. In 1879, the second bridge over the Neva River were put into operation - Liteiny Bridge. In the early 20th century over the Neva and Bolshaya Neva Rivers were built: Troitsky, Bolsheokhtinsky, Dvortsovy, Finlyandsky Railway bridges (see also articles on them). Engineers S.V. Kerbedz, А.Е. Struve, N.А. Belelyubsky, G.G. Krivoshein, А.P. Pshnitsky, V.P. Apyshkov were the leading bridge architects of the period. In the 1920s-30s, quite a number of solid-cast concrete, predominantly arch bridges were constructed, e.g. - Novo-Kirpichny, Kashin, Obukhovsky bridges. In 1936, the first reinforced concrete bridge over the Neva River was opened - Volodarsky Bridge. Engineers G.P. Peredery, B.D. Vasilyev, O.E. Bugaeva, architects K.М. Dmitriev, L.A. Noskov were the leading bridge designers of that time. At the onset of the blockade of 1941-44, a number of bridges were prepared for destruction. While the opening of bridges was carried out only by special instruction of the Leningrad Naval Defence Staff. In the 1940s-50s, chiefly metal bridges were constructed: Svobody, Birzhevoy, Ushakovsky, Egipetsky bridges; later reinforced concrete bridges returned (of solid beam, cantilever, frame and frame suspension systems): Alexander Nevsky Bridge, Tuchkov, Komarovsky, Banny bridges, the bridges over the Smolenka River, Volkovka River, Chernaya Rechka River. In 1969, the first aluminium bridge appeared - Kolomensky. There had been a number of caliduct bridges built with high architectural characteristics (Italyansky, Angliysky, Sennoy). Siny Bridge is the city's widest one (width 97.3 metres), followed by Kazansky (95 metres) and Pevchesky (72 metres), Alexander Nevsky Bridge is the longest bridge (length 905.7 metres, including the ramps). Troitsky and Pikalov bridges provide a view of seven other bridges. From the early 20th century considerable attention was paid to the restoration of old bridges (architect L.А. Ilyin). In the 1940s-60s, the tradition was continued by chief engineer of Lenmosttrest Institute P. P. Stepnov, Chief of the State Inspection for Monuments Preservation N.N. Belekhov, А.V. Pobedonostsev and others. A number of bridges are under state protection.

References: Кочедамов В. И. Проекты первого постоянного bridgeа на Неве // Архитектурное наследство. М.; Л., 1953. [Сб.] 4. С. 189-220; Блэк И., Ротач А. Чугунные арочные bridgeы в Ленинграде // Там же. 1955. [Сб.] 7. С. 143-156; Кочедамов В. И. bridgeы Ленинграда. Л.; М., 1958; Его же. Цепные bridgeы в Петербурге первой четверти XIX века // Архитектурное наследство. Л.; М., 1959. [Сб.] 9. С. 209-220; Тумилович В. Е., Алтунин С. Е. bridgeы и набережные Ленинграда. М., 1963; Пунин А. Л. Повесть о ленинградских bridgeах. Л., 1971; По рекам и каналам Ленинграда: Путеводитель. Л., 1973; bridgeы повисли над водами / Авт.-сост. Е. В. Плюхин, А. Л. Пунин. 2-е изд. Л., 1977; Захаров О. Н. Архитектурные панорамы невских берегов. Л., 1984; Бунин М. С. Мосты Ленинграда: Очерки истории и архитектуры мостов Петербурга - Петрограда - Ленинграда. Л., 1986; Мосты и набережные Ленинграда / Сост. П. П. Степнов; Авт. текста Ю. В. Новиков. Л., 1991; Антонов Б. И. Мосты Петербурга. СПб., 2002.

D. Y. Guzevich, S. Z. Suponitsky, N. М. Kozlovskaya. Adam Egor Andreevich
Apyshkov Vladimir Petrovich
Bauer Fedor Villimovich
Bazen Peter Petrovich
Belekhov Nikolay Nikolaevich
Belelyubsky Nikolay Apollonovich
Boles Harmann van
Borisov Ivan Nikiforovich
Bugaeva O.E.
Dmitriev Konstantin Mikhailovich
Felten Yury (Georg Friedrich) Matveevich
Gerard F.I.
Gerard Ivan (Johann Konrad) Kondratievich
Hastie Vasily Ivanovich (William)
Ilyin Lev Alexandrovich
Kerbedz Stanislav Valerianovich
Krivoshein Grigory Grigorievich
Moderakh Karl Fedorovich
Nasonov Timofey Ivanovich
Nazimov Vlidimir
Noskov Lev Alexandrovich
Peredery Grigory Petrovich
Pobedonostsev A.V.
Pshenitsky Andrey (Andrzej) Petrovich
Stepnov P.P.
Struve Amand Egorovich
Suchtelen Peter Kornilovich (Jan Piter)
Traitteur Vasily Karlovich (Wilhelm, Guillaume)
Vasilyev Boris Dmitrievich
Кочедамов В. И. Мосты Ленинграда. Л.; М., 1958
По рекам и каналам Ленинграда: Путеводитель. Л., 1973
Захаров О. Н. Архитектурные панорамы невских берегов. Л., 1984
Антонов Б. И. Мосты Петербурга. СПб., 2002
Мосты и набережные Ленинграда / Сост. П. П. Степнов; Авт. текста Ю. В. Новиков. Л., 1991
Бунин М. С. Мосты Ленинграда: Очерки истории и архитектуры мостов Петербурга - Петрограда - Ленинграда. Л., 1986
Мосты повисли над водами / Авт.-сост. Е. В. Плюхин, А. Л. Пунин. 2-е изд. Л., 1977
Пунин А. Л. Повесть о ленинградских мостах. Л., 1971
Кочедамов В. И. Проекты первого постоянного моста на Неве // Архитектурное наследство. М.; Л., 1953
Кочедамов В. И. Цепные мосты в Петербурге первой четверти XIX века // Архитектурное наследство. Л.; М., 1959
Тумилович В. Е., Алтунин С. Е. Мосты и набережные Ленинграда. М., 1963
Блэк И., Ротач А. Чугунные арочные мосты в Ленинграде // Архитектурное наследство. М.; Л., 1955 Ioannovsky Bridge
Isaakievsky Bridge
Prachechny Bridge
Lebyazhy Bridges
Ermitazhny (Hermitage) Bridge
Kazansky Bridge
Kamenny Bridge
Anichkov Bridge
Obukhovsky Bridge
Kalinkin Bridges
Izmaylovsky Bridge
Semenovsky Bridge
Belinskogo Bridge
Lomonosova Bridge
Zeleny Bridge
Alexandrovsky Bridge
Krasny Bridge
Potseluev Bridge
Siny Bridge
Teatralny Bridge
Pevchesky Bridge
Konyushenny Bridges
Ekateringofsky Bridge
Panteleymonovsky Bridge
Egyptian Bridge
Pochtamtsky Bridge
Bankovsky Bridge
Lviny Bridge
Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge
Nikolsky Bridges
Semenovsky Bridge
Warsaw Bridge
Finlyandsky Railway Bridge
Dvortsovy Bridge
Bolsheokhtinsky Bridge
Troitsky Bridge
Novo-Kirpichny Bridge
Obukhovsky Bridge
Volodarsky Bridge
Siege of 1941-44
Sampsonievsky Bridge
Birzhevoy Bridge
Ushakovsky Bridge
Egyptian Bridge
Alexander Nevsky Bridge
Tuchkov Bridge
Komarovsky Bridge
Italyansky Bridge
Sennoy Bridge
1727
1969